Eleuthería - Revista do Mestrado Profissional em Filosofia da UFMS

EXPEDIENTE

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EDITORIAL

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The Democracy as a paradigm of politics in Jacques Rancière

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The discussion regarding the concept of democracy, as a democratic structure, about its pros and cons or even its relation to the very concept of politics has never been an exclusivity of ancient, modern or contemporary thinkers. The very concept of democracy has undergone changes that will alter its perception over time. On this justification we seek, in the thought of Jacques Rancière, to perform a rereading of the concept and whether there is a way that it can, or not, be seen as a political paradigm. We seek, initially, to present a rescue to the idea of Greek democracy, in its original sense and as it was thought by Plato and Aristotle. In order to continue our rereading, we present the rancierian discussion, in which democracy is decontextualized in the contemporary environment, having been transformed into a concept that adorns the political discourses and a veil of maya, reality of contemporary political structures.

A DEMONSTRAÇÃO DO ESSE DE DEUS EM TOMÁS DE AQUINO:

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Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), a medieval Christian philosopher, was faced with the question of the existence of God. He did not ignore the epistemological problem that this question poses: whether it is possible to obtain such knowledge and demonstrate it philosophically. This article raises the question of what makes it possible for this author to demonstrate the existence of God, with the aim of showing that he answers this epistemological problem on a metaphysical level, appealing to causality as a metaphysical principle based on the doctrine of act and potency. The result obtained is that Thomas Aquinas, despite denying the possession of a scientia of God even after the demonstration of his existence, considers this demonstration to be certain and absolute at the philosophical level of natural reason; because it really proves the necessity of the existence of a Primary Cause and produces a certain knowledge of God as the proper cause of his effects.

A FUNÇÃO PRÁTICA DO EGO

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This article aims to analyze the theme of the Ego in the work The Transcendence of the Ego: Outline
of a Phenomenological Description (1936) by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980).
More specifically, we will seek to highlight the conception of the Ego as a psychic object transcendent
to intentional consciousness, constituted by reflective knowledge, as well as its practical function,
which is: to mask the spontaneity of consciousness. To this end, this article will have two movements:
(i) the first corresponds to the analysis of the negative or critical part of the work, that is, Sartre's
criticisms of the philosophical and psychological conceptions that consider the Ego as an “inhabitant”
of consciousness. (ii) The second, in turn, will seek to examine the way in which the philosopher
constitutes the Ego and its relationship with consciousness, highlighting its practical functionality.

A FUNÇÃO DOS SENTIMENTOS PROFUNDOS E O SENTIMENTO DO ABSURDO NA REFLEXÃO EXISTENCIAL DE ALBERT CAMUS.

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This paper aims to present the dynamics between the notion of deep feelings and the feeling of the absurd in the existential reflection of Albert Camus. Considering that the absurd is one of the most prominent concepts in Camus's existential work, we encounter some issues that converge to understand the dynamics between consciousness and the world, which appear in his work as an indispensable element for comprehending how the Algerian author illustrates the human condition and the idea of unity with the world. In an attempt to elucidate these issues, this paper will establish a dialogue with the fundamental bibliography of the author on the subject, as well as with works of commentators.

A OPOSIÇÃO ENTRE O SER SUBJETIVO EM KIERKEGAARD E A REALIDADE ATUAL DA INDIFERENÇA E VIOLÊNCIA.

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Abstract:

The main objective of this work is to understand the definition of the subjective being in Kierkegaard's works, such as The Concept of Anguish, Fear and Trembling, The Sickness to Death and mainly in the exposition of The Works of Love - Some Christian considerations in forms of speeches, as the basis for the stance of otherness. Alterity understood here as a solution to combat the violent reality that presents itself in contemporary times, a result of the lack of acceptance of human diversity. In the path developed by Kierkegaard to explain this subjective being, it is possible to clearly observe how much the process of being oneself and seeking authenticity is individual and naturally human, achieved through one's own choices. And so, the focus is to show that basically what forms and characterizes us as equally human are the differences peculiar to each process of searching for oneself.

Keywords: Otherness; Violence; Be subjective; Diversity

A APPERCEPTION AND SELF-KNOWLEDGE

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The present article addresses the concepts of apperception (or self-awareness) and self-knowledge, both essential to Kant's epistemic project: for the philosopher, self-consciousness and self-knowledge are not equivalent. Kant regards self-knowledge as non-immediate, in contrast to the experience of the external world, which raises further questions—if we cannot know ourselves immediately, what can we assert about our own existence? In which terms is it possible to affirm the identity for this subject? Finally, the article considers whether apperception, although not precisely an object like that of external experience, can provide a foundation for practical philosophy and the conception of a free agent within Kant's philosophical project.

From the Origins of Atheism to Militant Atheism

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The article will briefly outline Jean Meslier, perhaps the first to compose a type of atheist thought. Onfray and his Treatise on Atheology. And Richard Dawkins in his confusing and dogmatic handling of scientific knowledge to corroborate his atheistic thesis. The problem of proving God seems smaller to us compared to the more harmful effects of dogmatism and fanaticism, both from atheists and theists. Therefore, it is difficult for militant atheism to sustain itself at a level of argumentation that is not just a blunt and passionate denial of theism, that is, a mere reaction.

BROWN, NORMAN OLIVER. CLOSING TIME. VINTAGE BOOKS, NEW YORK: 1973

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Discourses on the scope and nature of University Education

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O Discurso V de John Henry Newman, intitulado "Conhecimento Geral Visto como uma Filosofia", apresenta uma defesa da educação universitária como uma busca por conhecimento integrado e completo. Newman critica a fragmentação e o utilitarismo no ensino superior e propõe uma visão em que o conhecimento geral – visto como uma filosofia unificadora – é essencial para equilibrar as diversas ciências e disciplinas acadêmicas.

Neste discurso, Newman argumenta que todas as áreas do conhecimento são interdependentes e que a ausência de uma disciplina central, como a Teologia, resulta em uma formação caótica e desequilibrada. Ele enfatiza que a verdadeira missão da universidade é cultivar todas as ciências de modo harmônico, desenvolvendo o intelecto, a crítica, e a capacidade de julgar, além de ensinar habilidades práticas. Para ele, a universidade é "a mansão da boa família das ciências", onde todas as disciplinas coexistem como irmãs, apoiando-se mutuamente na busca pela verdade.

O texto traduzido oferece uma reflexão valiosa para o debate contemporâneo sobre o papel das universidades, destacando a importância de uma formação que vá além das exigências do mercado e promova um entendimento abrangente da realidade.