A critique of the paraphilic understanding of the sexuality of transsexual women
the problems with Ray Blanchard's theory of “autogynephilia”
Abstract
This work aims to critically address Ray Blanchard's theory of autoginephilia. According to the author, there are two types of transsexual women due to their sexuality: those attracted to men and all the others, who would be autogynephilics. Autogynephilia, understood as a paraphilia, designates a set of sexual fantasies about the image of yourself as a woman. Blanchard postulates that the etiology of female identity in non-androphilic transsexual women is autoginephilia. In this way, we focus on the critical literature on the subject, with a special focus on the perspectives of transsexual women themselves. We argue that the theory proposed by Blanchard is not only inconsistent with the narratives of transsexual women themselves, but also responsible for reiterating stigmatizing views about the sexuality of transsexual women, particularly those who are not exclusively attracted to men.
Downloads
References
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Pub, 2000.
BAGAGLI, Beatriz P. Discursos transfeministas e feministas radicais: disputas pela significação da mulher no feminismo. 2019. 174 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) — Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2019.
BAGAGLI, Beatriz P. Orientação sexual na identidade de gênero a partir da crítica da heterossexualidade e cisgeneridade como normas. Letras escreve, v. 7, n. 1, p. 137-164, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18468/letras.2017v7n1.p137-164
BAILEY, J. Michael. The man who would be queen: The science of gender-bending and transsexualism. Washington, DC Joseph Henry Press, 2003.
BLANCHARD, Ray. Clinical observations and systematic studies of autogynephilia. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, v. 17, n. 4, p. 235-251, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00926239108404348
BLANCHARD, Ray. Deconstructing the feminine essence narrative. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 37, n. 3, p. 434-438, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9328-y
BLANCHARD, Ray. Early history of the concept of autogynephilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 34, n. 4, p. 439-446, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-005-4343-8
BLANCHARD, Ray. The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 18, n. 4, 315–334. 1989a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01541951
BLANCHARD, Ray. The concept of autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1989b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198910000-00004
BOCKTING, Walter O. Biological reductionism meets gender diversity in human sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, v. 42, n. 3, p267-270, 2005.
BOCKTING, Walter O.; BENNER, Autumn; COLEMAN, Eli. Gay and bisexual identity development among female-to-male transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a transgender sexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 38, n. 5, p. 688-701, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9489-3
BUTLER, Judith P. Problemas de gênero: feminismo e subversão da identidade. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2003.
CONIPSI. Transexuais contra a Essência Feminina. Tradução do texto de Jane Robbins. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.conipsi.com/transexuais-contra-a-essencia-feminina/. Acesso em: 15 out. 2020.
DAVY, Zowie; SØRLIE, Anniken; SCHWEND, Amets Suess. Democratising diagnoses? The role of the depathologisation perspective in constructing corporeal trans citizenship. Critical Social Policy, v. 38, n. 1, p. 13-34, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018317731716
DENNY, Dallas. Changing models of transsexualism. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, v. 8, n. 1-2, p. 25-40, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2004.9962365
DEOGRACIAS, J. J., JOHNSON, L. L., MEYER-BAHLBURG, H. F., KESSLER, S. J., SCHOBER, J. M., & ZUCKER, K. J. The gender identity/gender dysphoria questionnaire for adolescents and adults. Journal of Sex Research, v. 44, n. 4, p. 370-379, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490701586730
DOORN, C. D.; POORTINGA, J.; VERSCHOOR, A. M. Cross-gender identity in transvestites and male transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 23, n. 2, p. 185-201, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542098
GOOREN, Louis. The biology of human psychosexual differentiation. Hormones and behavior, v. 50, n. 4, p. 589-601, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.011
GUAY, David R. P. Drug treatment of paraphilic and nonparaphilic sexual disorders. Clinical Therapeutics, v. 31, n. 1, p. 1-31, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.009
HAMMACK, Phillip L. An integrative paradigm. Human Development, v. 48, n. 5, p. 267-290, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000086872
JESUS, Jaqueline Gomes de. Orientações sobre identidade de gênero: conceitos e termos. Brasília, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.dive.sc.gov.br/conteudos/agravos/publicacoes/ORIENTACOES_SOBRE_IDENTIDADE_DE_GENERO__CONCEITOS_E_TERMOS_2_Edicao.pdf. Acesso em: 15 out. 2020.
JONES, Zinnia. Alice Dreger, Autogynephilia, and the Misrepresentation of Trans Sexualities. Gender Analysis, [S. l.], 2016. Disponível em: https://genderanalysis.net/2016/04/alice-dreger-autogynephilia-and-the-misrepresentation-of-trans-sexualities-book-review-galileos-middle-finger/. Acesso em: 27 abr. 2021.
LANE, Riki. Truth, lies, and trans science. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 37, n. 3, p. 453-456, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9336-y
LANGEVIN, Ron; LANG, Reuben A.; CURNOE, Suzanne. The prevalence of sex offenders with deviant fantasies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, v. 13, n. 3, p. 315-327, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/088626098013003001
MOSER, Charles. A different perspective. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 37, p. 366-421, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9331-3
MOSER, Charles. Autogynephilia in women. Journal of Homosexuality, v. 56, 539-547, 2009a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360903005212
MOSER, Charles. Blanchard's autogynephilia theory: A critique. Journal of homosexuality, v. 57, n. 6, p. 790-809, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2010.486241
MOSER, Charles. When is an unusual sexual interest a mental disorder? Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 38, 323-325, 2009b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9436-8
MOSER, Charles; KLEINPLATZ, Peggy J. DSM-IV-TR and the paraphilias: An argument for removal. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, v. 17, n. 3-4, p. 91-109, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v17n03_05
NUTTBROCK, L.; BOCKTING, W.; MASON, M.; HWAHNG, S.; ROSENBLUM, A.; MACRI, M.; BECKER, J. A further assessment of Blanchard’s typology of homosexual versus non-homosexual or autogynephilic gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 40, n. 2, p. 247-257, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9579-2
RICA, Adriana. O que é autoginefilia? Blogueiras Radicais, [S. l.], 2020. Disponível em: http://blogueirasradicais.com/index.php/2020/07/17/o-que-e-autoginefilia/. Acesso em: 15 out. 2020.
SERANO, Julia M. The case against autogynephilia. International Journal of Transgenderism, v. 12, n. 3, p. 176-187, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2010.514223
SERANO, Julia. A matter of perspective: A transsexual woman-centric critique of Dreger’s “scholarly history” of the Bailey controversy. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 37, n. 3, p. 491-494, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9332-2
SERANO, Julia. Autogynephilia: A scientific review, feminist analysis, and alternative ‘embodiment fantasies’ model. The Sociological Review, v. 68, n. 4, p. 763-778, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026120934690
SERANO, Julia. Outspoken: a decade of transgender activism & trans feminism. Oakland, CA: Switch Hitter Press, 2016. E-book.
SERANO, Julia. Whipping girl: A transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity. New York: Seal Press, 2007.
SMITH, Y. L., VAN GOOZEN, S. H., KUIPER, A. J., & COHEN-KATTENIS, P. T. Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance. Psychiatry Research, v. 137, n. 3, p. 151-160, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2005.01.008
VEALE, Jaimie F. Evidence against a typology: A taxometric analysis of the sexuality of male-to-female transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 43, n. 6, p. 1177-1186, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0275-5
VEALE, Jaimie F.; CLARKE, Dave E.; LOMAX, Terri C. Sexuality of male-to-female transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 37, n. 4, p. 586-597, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9306-9
VEALE, Jaimie F.; CLARKE, David E.; LOMAX, Terri C. Male-to-female transsexuals’ impressions of Blanchard's autogynephilia theory. International Journal of Transgenderism, v. 13, n. 3, p. 131-139, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2011.669659
WITTIG, Monique. The straight mind and other essays. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.
WYNDZEN, Madeline H. A Social Psychology of a History of a Snippet in the Psychology of Transgenderism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, v. 37, n. 3, p. 498-502, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9340-2
WYNDZEN, Madeline H. Autogynephilia and Ray Blanchard's mis-directed sex-drive model of transsexuality. All mixed up: A transgendered psychology prfessor's perspective on life, the psychology of gender, & “gender identity disorder”. Gender Psychology, [S. l.], 2003. Disponível em: http://www.GenderPsychology.org/autogynpehilia/ray_blanchard/ Acesso em: 15 out. 2020.
WYNDZEN, Madeline H. The banality of insensitivity: portrayals of transgenderism in psychopathology. All mixed up: A transgendered psychology professor's perspective on life, the psychology of gender, & “gender identity disorder”. Gender Psychology, [S. l.], 2004. Disponível em: http://www.GenderPsychology.org/psychology/mental_illness_model.html Acesso em: 15 out. 2020.
YORK, Sara Wagner; OLIVEIRA, Megg Rayara Gomes; BENEVIDES, Bruna. Manifestações textuais (insubmissas) travesti. Revista Estudos Feministas, v. 28, p. 1-12, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2020v28n375614
Copyright (c) 2021 albuquerque: journal of history
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The copyrights are all granted to the journal. The articles whose authors are identified represent the expressed opinion of its authors and not the official position of the albuquerque: journal of history.