DE LA LIMPIEZA A LA CONTAMINACIÓN
INVESTIGANDO LA TOXICIDAD DE UN DETERGENTE COMERCIAL UTILIZANDO ARTEMIA SALINA L. COMO ORGANISMO MODELO
Palabras clave:
Ecosistemas acuáticos, Riesgo Ambiental, Surfactantes, Contaminación del agua
Resumen
Los detergentes son ampliamente utilizados en industrias y hogares para limpiar superficies y objetos. Sin embargo, después de su uso, la espuma de este compuesto a menudo contamina los ecosistemas acuáticos, lo que puede desencadenar problemas como la eutrofización y la reducción de los niveles de oxígeno disponible. En este estudio, se evaluó el potencial tóxico de un detergente comercial biodegradable sobre el microcrustáceo Artemia salina. Se prepararon seis concentraciones diferentes del detergente (2,98; 9,54; 30,52; 97,66; 312,5; y 1000 µg/mL-1) mediante dilución en agua de mar artificial. La prueba de toxicidad siguió los protocolos de la norma NBR 16530. Los nauplios de A. salina recién eclosionados fueron expuestos a las diferentes concentraciones durante un período de 24 horas. Después de este período, se evaluaron la tasa de mortalidad y la concentración letal media (LC50). Los resultados demostraron que el detergente comercial causó una mortalidad significativa a partir de una concentración de 30,52 µg/mL-1, lo que resultó en un 47,50% de muertes. En las concentraciones de 312,5 y 1000 µg/mL-1, se observó un 100% de mortalidad. La LC50 después de 24 horas de exposición se calculó en 35,04 µg/mL-1, lo que indica que el detergente es altamente tóxico para A. salina, a pesar de su biodegradabilidad.
Citas
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19. Deese RD, LeBlanc MR, Cook RL. Surfactant toxicity to Artemia franciscana and the influence of humic acid and chemical composition. Environ. Chem. 2015;13(3),507-516.
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26. Ciamarro CM, Pereira BF, da Silva Alves RM, Valim JRT, Pitol DL, Caetano FH. Changes in muscle and collagen fibers of fish after exposure to urban pollutants and biodegradable detergents. Microsc Res. 2015;3(03):33.
27. Priya R, Uma T, Saravanan N, Jothi NN. Efficacy of detergent on hepatocyte morphological changes in fish, Tilapia Mossambica. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2016;4(5):655-658.
28. Lopes FP, Pereira BF, Alves RMS, Valim JRT, Figueiredo FAT, Pitol DL, et al. Ultramorphological changes in gill rakers of Astyanax altiparanae (Characidae) kept in contaminated environments. Fish Physiol Biochem. 2017;43:1033-1041.
29. Clarkson C, Maharaj VJ, Crouch NR, Grace OM, Pillay P, Matsabisa MG, et al. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalised in South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;92(2-3):177-191.
30. Nunes B, Carvalho F, Guilhermino L. Acute toxicity of widely used pharmaceuticals in aquatic species: Gambusia holbrooki, Artemia parthenogenetica and Tetraselmis chuii. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2005;61(3):413-419.
31. Liwarska-Bizukojc E, Miksch K, Malachowska-Jutsz A, Kalka J. Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of five selected anionic and nonionic surfactants. Chemosphere. 2005;58(9):1249-1253.
32. Ezemonye LIN, Ogeleka DF, Okieimen FE. Acute toxicity of industrial detergent (Neatex) and corrosion inhibitor (Norust CR486) to early stages of cichlids: Tilapia guineensis. Chem Ecol. 2007;23(2):131-138.
33. Pavlić Ž, Vidaković-Cifrek Ž, Puntarić D. Toxicity of surfactants to green microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Scenedesmus subspicatus and to marine diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum. Chemosphere. 2005;61(8):1061-1068.
34. Ying GG. Fate, behavior and effects of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment. Environ Int. 2006;32(3):417-431.
35. Chen Y, Geurts M, Sjollema SB, Kramer NI, Hermens JL, Droge ST. Acute toxicity of the cationic surfactant C12‐benzalkonium in different bioassays: How test design affects bioavailability and effect concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2014;33(3):606-615.
36. Kenconojati H, Azhar MH. The harmful effect of commercial powder detergent on water flea (Daphnia sp.). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2020;441(1):012081.
37. Cserháti T, Forgács E, Oros G. Biological activity and environmental impact of anionic surfactants. Environ Int. 2002;28(5):337-348.
38. Abbas HHH, Mahmood HM. The toxicological effect of water pollution on the Nile Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) collected from four sites along the River Nile. J Egypt Vet Med Assoc. 2003;63:307-323.
39. Abbas HHH, Mahmood HM. Heamatology and Biochemical Changes in Oreochromise aureus and Clarias gariepinus exposed to mixture of copper and lead salts. Egypt J Basic Appl Physiol. 2004;3:89-106.
40. Adewoye SO, Fawole OO, Owolabi OD, Omotosho JS. Toxicity of cassava wastewater effluents to African catfish: Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). SINET Ethiop J Sci. 2005;28(2):189-194.
41. Nunes B, Carvalho F, Guilhermino L. Effects of widely used pharmaceuticals and a detergent on oxidative stress biomarkers of the crustacean Artemia parthenogenetica. Chemosphere. 2006;62(4):581-594.
42. Guilhermino L, Lacerda MN, Nogueira AJA, Soares AMVM. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Daphnia magna acetylcholinesterase by surfactant agents: possible implications for contamination biomonitoring. Sci Total Environ. 2000;247(2-3),137-141.
2. Giagnorio M, Amelio A, Grüttner H, Tiraferri A. Environmental impacts of detergents and benefits of their recovery in the laundering industry. Journal of Clean Production. 2017 June 15; 154:593–601.
3. Bajpai D. Laundry detergents: an overview. Journal of Oleo Science. 2007;56(7):327-340.
4. da Silva LM. Impactos dos detergentes no meio ambiente: evidências de um estudo ecotoxicológico. Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação. 2023 March 28; 9(2):1429-1441.
5. Pandey P, Gopal B. Effect of detergents on the growth of two aquatic plants: Azolla pinnata and Hydrilla verticillata. Environmental Science International Journal of Science and Technology. 2010;5:107–114.
6. Mousavi S, Mahvi A, Nasseri S, Ghafari S. Effect of Fenton process (H2O2/Fe2+) on removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate using central composite. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2011;8(2):129–138.
7. Rejeki S, Rahmat A. Chronic effects of detergent surfactant (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate i las) on the growth and survival rate of sea bass (Lates calcalifor Bloch) larvae. J Coast Devel. 2013 Sep 03;8(3):207–226.
8. Rajan DS. An evaluation of the effect of a detergent on dissolved oxygen consumption rate of Anabas testudineus. Int J Fish Aquat Stud. 2015 Jun 06;2(6):46–48.
9. Pattusamy V, Nandini N, Bheemappa K. Detergent and sewage phosphates entering into lake ecosystem and its impact on aquatic environment. Int J Adv Res. 2013;1(3):129–133.
10. Osorio VKL, Oliveira W. Polifosfatos em detergentes em pó comerciais. Quim Nova. 2001 Oct 18; 24(5):700–708.
11. Rajabi S, Ramazani A, Hamidi M, Naji T. Artemia salina as a model organism in toxicity assessment of nanoparticles. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2015;23:1-6.
12. Ntungwe E, Dominguez-Martin EM, Roberto A, Tavares J, Isca V, Pereira P, et al. Artemia species: An important tool to screen general toxicity samples. Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26(24):2892-2908.
13. Libralato G, Prato E, Migliore L, Cicero AM, Manfra L. A review of toxicity testing protocols and endpoints with Artemia spp. Ecol Indic. 2016;69:35-49.
14. FISPQ-Ficha de Informações de Segurança de Produtos Químicos. Lava louças líquido YPÊ. Química Amparo LTDA. 2018. Disponível em: https://acttion.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/YPE-FISPQ-DETERG-YPE.pdf
15. OECD. Test No. 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2. OECD Publ. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264069947-en.
16. ABNT. NBR 16530 Ecotoxicologia aquática - Toxicidade aguda. Método de ensaio com Artemia sp. (Crustacea, Brachiopoda). São Paulo, Brazil. 2021.
17. Rebello S, Asok AK, Mundayoor S, Jisha MS. Surfactants: chemistry, toxicity and remediation. Pollut Dis Remed Recycl. 2013;277-320.
18. Lechuga M, Fernández-Serrano M, Jurado E, Núñez-Olea J, Ríos F. Acute toxicity of anionic and non-ionic surfactants to aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2016; 25, 1-8.
19. Deese RD, LeBlanc MR, Cook RL. Surfactant toxicity to Artemia franciscana and the influence of humic acid and chemical composition. Environ. Chem. 2015;13(3),507-516.
20. Sandbacka M, Christianson I, Isomaa B. The acute toxicity of surfactants on fish cells, Daphnia magna and fish—a comparative study. Toxicology in vitro. 2000;14(1), 61-68.
21. Warne MSJ, Schifko AD. Toxicity of laundry detergent components to a freshwater cladoceran and their contribution to detergent toxicity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1999;44(2):196-206.
22. Uc-Peraza RG, Delgado-Blas VH. Acute toxicity and risk assessment of three commercial detergents using the polychaete Capitella sp. C from Chetumal Bay, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Int Aquat Res. 2015;7(4), 251-261.
23. Pedrazzani R, Ceretti E, Zerbini I, Casale R, Gozio E, Bertanza G et al. Biodegradability, toxicity and mutagenicity of detergents: Integrated experimental evaluations. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2012;84, 274-281.
24. Sobrino-Figueroa A. Toxic effect of commercial detergents on organisms from different trophic levels. Environ Sci Pollut. 2018;25,13283-13291.
25. Pereira BF, da Silva Alves RM, Alves AL, Senhorini JA, de Alc RDCG, Scalize PH, et al. Effects of biodegradable detergents in morphological parameters of liver in two neotropical fish species (Prochilodus lineatus and Astyanax altiparanae). Microscopy Research, 2014.
26. Ciamarro CM, Pereira BF, da Silva Alves RM, Valim JRT, Pitol DL, Caetano FH. Changes in muscle and collagen fibers of fish after exposure to urban pollutants and biodegradable detergents. Microsc Res. 2015;3(03):33.
27. Priya R, Uma T, Saravanan N, Jothi NN. Efficacy of detergent on hepatocyte morphological changes in fish, Tilapia Mossambica. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2016;4(5):655-658.
28. Lopes FP, Pereira BF, Alves RMS, Valim JRT, Figueiredo FAT, Pitol DL, et al. Ultramorphological changes in gill rakers of Astyanax altiparanae (Characidae) kept in contaminated environments. Fish Physiol Biochem. 2017;43:1033-1041.
29. Clarkson C, Maharaj VJ, Crouch NR, Grace OM, Pillay P, Matsabisa MG, et al. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalised in South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;92(2-3):177-191.
30. Nunes B, Carvalho F, Guilhermino L. Acute toxicity of widely used pharmaceuticals in aquatic species: Gambusia holbrooki, Artemia parthenogenetica and Tetraselmis chuii. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2005;61(3):413-419.
31. Liwarska-Bizukojc E, Miksch K, Malachowska-Jutsz A, Kalka J. Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of five selected anionic and nonionic surfactants. Chemosphere. 2005;58(9):1249-1253.
32. Ezemonye LIN, Ogeleka DF, Okieimen FE. Acute toxicity of industrial detergent (Neatex) and corrosion inhibitor (Norust CR486) to early stages of cichlids: Tilapia guineensis. Chem Ecol. 2007;23(2):131-138.
33. Pavlić Ž, Vidaković-Cifrek Ž, Puntarić D. Toxicity of surfactants to green microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Scenedesmus subspicatus and to marine diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum. Chemosphere. 2005;61(8):1061-1068.
34. Ying GG. Fate, behavior and effects of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment. Environ Int. 2006;32(3):417-431.
35. Chen Y, Geurts M, Sjollema SB, Kramer NI, Hermens JL, Droge ST. Acute toxicity of the cationic surfactant C12‐benzalkonium in different bioassays: How test design affects bioavailability and effect concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2014;33(3):606-615.
36. Kenconojati H, Azhar MH. The harmful effect of commercial powder detergent on water flea (Daphnia sp.). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2020;441(1):012081.
37. Cserháti T, Forgács E, Oros G. Biological activity and environmental impact of anionic surfactants. Environ Int. 2002;28(5):337-348.
38. Abbas HHH, Mahmood HM. The toxicological effect of water pollution on the Nile Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) collected from four sites along the River Nile. J Egypt Vet Med Assoc. 2003;63:307-323.
39. Abbas HHH, Mahmood HM. Heamatology and Biochemical Changes in Oreochromise aureus and Clarias gariepinus exposed to mixture of copper and lead salts. Egypt J Basic Appl Physiol. 2004;3:89-106.
40. Adewoye SO, Fawole OO, Owolabi OD, Omotosho JS. Toxicity of cassava wastewater effluents to African catfish: Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). SINET Ethiop J Sci. 2005;28(2):189-194.
41. Nunes B, Carvalho F, Guilhermino L. Effects of widely used pharmaceuticals and a detergent on oxidative stress biomarkers of the crustacean Artemia parthenogenetica. Chemosphere. 2006;62(4):581-594.
42. Guilhermino L, Lacerda MN, Nogueira AJA, Soares AMVM. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Daphnia magna acetylcholinesterase by surfactant agents: possible implications for contamination biomonitoring. Sci Total Environ. 2000;247(2-3),137-141.
Publicado
2023-10-24
Sección
Artigos
Declaro que os conteúdos apresentados nos artigos e demais trabalhos são de minha autoria e tenho total responsabilidade sobre os mesmos, os quais estou cedendo os direitos autorais à Revista Saúde e Meio Ambiente, para fins de divulgação científica em qualquer meio disponível.
