Métodos de detecção de oocistos de Toxoplasma gondii em amostras de água
Palavras-chave:
Toxoplasmose. Detecção. Água
Resumo
O Toxoplasma gondii é o agente causador de uma das protozoonoses mais numerosamente distribuídas entre os países. A ocorrência de surtos de toxoplasmose no Brasil, relacionados à contaminação ambiental tem ganhado notoriedade com episódios recorrentes de grandes proporções. O enfrentamento desta problemática requer o aprimoramento e padronização de métodos de identificação ambiental de T. gondii. As técnicas disponíveis para a detecção ambiental de oocistos apresentam grande variabilidade e baixa reprodutibilidade. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os diferentes métodos disponíveis para detecção de T. gondii em amostras de água, explorando suas vantagens, desvantagens e limitações. A filtração foi destacada como método mais eficaz no processamento de amostras turvas, com custo-beneficio variável à escolha de sistemas. A ausência de anticorpos monoclonais dificulta desenvolvimento da separação imunomagnética na purificação. A detecção molecular por PCR é amplamente utilizada na amplificação do gene B1. Entretanto, além da identificação, a infectividade dos oocistos é primordial para a compreensão do risco da presença do T. gondii em ambiente hídrico, podendo ser mensurado através de bioensaios. Considerando que, nenhuma das metodologias disponíveis está isento de limitações, o desafio está colocado às portas da saúde pública do país que protagonizou o maior surto de toxoplasmose do mundo.
Referências
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4. Robert-Gangneux F, Dardé ML. Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012 Apr;25(2):264-296.
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6. Dumetre A, Dardé L. How to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in the environmental samples. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2003 Dec;27(5):651-61.
7. Conrad PA, Miller MA, Kreuder C, James ER, Mazet J, Dabritz H, et al. Transmission of Toxoplasma: Clues from the study of sea otters as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment. Int J Parasitol. 2005 Oct;35(11-12):1155-68.
8. Aubert D, Villena I. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water: proposition of a strategy and evaluation in Champagne-Ardenne Region France. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2009 mar; 104(2):290-295.
9. Dubey JP, Lago EG, Gennari SM, Su C, Jones JR. Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: hilgh prevalence, higth burden of disease, and epidemiology. Parasitology. 2012 Sep;139(11):1375-424.
10. Dias R, Freire R. Surtos de toxoplasmoseemsereshumanos e animais. Seminciênciasagrárias. 2005 Jun;26(2):239-247.
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16. Verant LM, d'Ozouville N, Parker PG, Shapiro K, VanWormer E, Deem SL. Attempteddetectionof Toxoplasma gondiioocysts in environmentalwatersusing a simple approach toevaluatethepotential for waterbornetransmission in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.
Ecohealth. 2014 Jun;11(2):207-214.
17. Shapiro K, Mazet JA, Schriewer A, Wuertz S, Fritz H, Miller WA. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and surrogate microspheres in water using ultrafiltration and capsule filtration. Water Res. 2010 Feb;44(3):893-903.
18. Kourenti C, Heckroth A, Tenter A, Karanis P. Development and Application of Different Methods for the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jan; 69(1): 102–106
19. Villena I, Aubert D, Gomis P, Ferté H, Inglard CJ, Bisiaux DH, et al. Evaluation of a Strategy for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst Detection in Water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jul; 70(7): 4035–4039.
20. Lora-Suarez F, Rivera F, Triviño-Valencia J, Gomez-Marin JE. Detection of protozoa in water samples by formalin/ether concentration method. Water Res. 2016 Sep 1;100:377-381.
21. Borchadt AM, Spencer KS, Bertz DP, Ware WM, Dubey PJ, Alan Lindquist DH. Concentrating Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis from surface water and drinking water by continuous separation channel centrifugation.J Appl Microbiol. 2009 Oct;107(4):1089-97.
22. Kourenti C, Karanis P. Evaluation and applicability of a purification method coupled with nested PCR for the detection of Toxoplasma oocysts in water. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006 Nov;43(5):475-481.
23. Dumetre A, Dardé LM. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water by an immunomagnetic separation method targeting the sporocysts. Parasitol Res. 2007 Sep;101(4):989-96.
24. Harito JB, Campebell AT, Prestrud KW, Dubey JP, Robertson LJ. Surface bindingpropertiesofagedandfresh (recentlyexcreted) Toxoplasma gondiioocysts. Exp Parasitol. 2016 Jun;165:88-94.
25. Harito BT, Campebell AT, Tysnes KR, Dubey JP, Robertson LJ. Lectin-magnetic separation (LMS) for isolation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from concentrated water samples prior to detection by microscopy or qPCR. Water Res. 2017 May 1;114:228-236.
26. Schwab JK, McDevitt JJ. Development of a PCR-Enzyme Immunoassay Oligoprobe Detection Method for Toxoplasma gondii oocysts, Incorporating PCR Controls. Development of a PCR-Enzyme Immunoassay Oligoprobe Detection Method for Toxoplasma gondii oocysts, Incorporating PCR Controls. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Oct; 69(10): 5819–5825.
27. Rousseau A, Escotte-Binet S, La Carbona S, Dumètre A,, Chagneau S, Favennec L,.et al Toxoplasma gondii oocyst infectivity using a sporocyst-based cell-culture assay 1combined with qPCR for environmental applications. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019 Oct 1;85(20): e01189-19.
28. Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H, Yonekawa T, Watanabe K, Amino N, Hase T. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jun 15;28(12):e63.
29. Sotiriadou I, Karanis P. Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water samples and comparative findings by polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence test (IFT). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Dec;62(4):357-365.
30. Lindemann G, Sotiriadou I, Mahmodi MR, Karanis P. Detectionof Toxoplasma gondiioocysts in differentwaterresourcesby Loop MediatedIsothermalAmplification (LAMP). Acta Trop. 2013 Feb;125(2):231-236.
31. Wells B, Shaw H, Innocent G, Guido S, Hotchkiss E, Parigi M. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondi in water samples from Scotland and a comparison between the 529bp real-time PCR and ITS1nested PCR. Water Res. 2015 Dec 15;87:175-181.
32. Wenli Yang, H. D. Alan Lindquist, Vitaliano Cama,Frank W. Schaefer, III, Eric Villegas. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in Water Sample Concentrates by Real-Time PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Jun; 75(11): 3477–3483.
33. Homan LW, Vercamemm M, De Braekeleer J, Verschueren H. Identification of a 200- to 300-fold repetitive 529 bp DNA fragment in Toxoplasma gondii, and its use for diagnostic and quantitative PCR. Int J Parasitol. 2000 Jan;30(1):69-75.
34. Adamaska M. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in natural surface water bodies in Poland. J Water Health. 2018 aug; 16(4):657-660.
35. Galvani AT, Christ APG, Padula JA, Barbosa MRF, Araujo RS, Sato MIZ, et al. Real-time PCR detectionof Toxoplasma gondii in surface water samples in São Paulo, Brazil. Parasitol Res. 2019 Feb;118(2):631-640
36. Moreno Y, Moreno ML, Amorós I, Pérez R, Morilo JÁ, Alonso JL. Multiple identification of most important waterborne protozoa in surface water used for irrigation purposes by 18S rRNA amplicon-based metagenomics. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2018 Jan;221(1):102-111.
37. Marangi M, Giangasparo A, Lacasella B, Lonigro A, Gasser B. Multiplex PCR for the detection and quantification of key zoonotic genotypes of Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma in waste water and mussels. Mol Cell Probes. 2015 Apr;29(2):122-125.
38. Piepenburg O, Williams CH, Stemple DL, Armes NA. DNA detection using recombination proteins. PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul;4(7):e204.
39. WU DY, Xu MJ, Wang QQ, Zhou CX, Wang M, Zhu XQ. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with lateral flow (LF) strip for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the environment. Vet Parasitol. 2017 Aug 30;243:199-203
2. Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol. 2000 Nov;30(12-13):1217-1258.
3. Frenkel K, Dubey P, Miller L. Toxoplasma gondii in cats: fecal stages identified as coccidian oocysts. Science. 1970 Feb 6;167(3919):893-6.
4. Robert-Gangneux F, Dardé ML. Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012 Apr;25(2):264-296.
5. Fromont GE, Lélu M, Dardé LM, Richomme C, Aubert D, Afonso E, et al. InTech. 2012 Sep. [cited 2019 Jun 26]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/toxoplasmosis-recent-advances/the-life-cycle-of-toxoplasma-gondii-in-the-natural-environment
6. Dumetre A, Dardé L. How to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in the environmental samples. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2003 Dec;27(5):651-61.
7. Conrad PA, Miller MA, Kreuder C, James ER, Mazet J, Dabritz H, et al. Transmission of Toxoplasma: Clues from the study of sea otters as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment. Int J Parasitol. 2005 Oct;35(11-12):1155-68.
8. Aubert D, Villena I. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water: proposition of a strategy and evaluation in Champagne-Ardenne Region France. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2009 mar; 104(2):290-295.
9. Dubey JP, Lago EG, Gennari SM, Su C, Jones JR. Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: hilgh prevalence, higth burden of disease, and epidemiology. Parasitology. 2012 Sep;139(11):1375-424.
10. Dias R, Freire R. Surtos de toxoplasmoseemsereshumanos e animais. Seminciênciasagrárias. 2005 Jun;26(2):239-247.
11. Breganó MR, Lopes-Mori RMF, Navarro TI. Toxoplasmose adquirida na gestação congênita. Eduel. 2010;62: 978-85-7216-676-8
12. Superintendência de Vigilância em Saúde (Brasil). Relatório da atualização de Investigação de Surto. Santa Maria-RS. Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul; 2018 Set. D07-1548.
13. Franco BMR, Hachich ME, Sato ZIM, Naveira MR, Silva CE, Campos CMM, et al. Avaliação da performance de metodologias de detecção de Cryptosporidium ssp. e Giardia spp em água destinada ao consumo humano, para atendimento as demandas da Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental no Brasil. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde. 2012 Jun;21(2):233-242.
14. Cordeiro, MA. Revisão sistemática: umarevisãonarrativa. Revista do ColégioBrasileiro de Cirurgiões. Rev. Col. Bras. Cir. 2007 dez;34(6):428-431.
15. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Method 1623.1: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water by filtration/IMS/FA. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 2012 Jun [acessoem 12 ago 2019] Disponível em: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/epa-1623.pdf. Acessoem: 14 Jun. 2019.
16. Verant LM, d'Ozouville N, Parker PG, Shapiro K, VanWormer E, Deem SL. Attempteddetectionof Toxoplasma gondiioocysts in environmentalwatersusing a simple approach toevaluatethepotential for waterbornetransmission in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.
Ecohealth. 2014 Jun;11(2):207-214.
17. Shapiro K, Mazet JA, Schriewer A, Wuertz S, Fritz H, Miller WA. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and surrogate microspheres in water using ultrafiltration and capsule filtration. Water Res. 2010 Feb;44(3):893-903.
18. Kourenti C, Heckroth A, Tenter A, Karanis P. Development and Application of Different Methods for the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jan; 69(1): 102–106
19. Villena I, Aubert D, Gomis P, Ferté H, Inglard CJ, Bisiaux DH, et al. Evaluation of a Strategy for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst Detection in Water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jul; 70(7): 4035–4039.
20. Lora-Suarez F, Rivera F, Triviño-Valencia J, Gomez-Marin JE. Detection of protozoa in water samples by formalin/ether concentration method. Water Res. 2016 Sep 1;100:377-381.
21. Borchadt AM, Spencer KS, Bertz DP, Ware WM, Dubey PJ, Alan Lindquist DH. Concentrating Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis from surface water and drinking water by continuous separation channel centrifugation.J Appl Microbiol. 2009 Oct;107(4):1089-97.
22. Kourenti C, Karanis P. Evaluation and applicability of a purification method coupled with nested PCR for the detection of Toxoplasma oocysts in water. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006 Nov;43(5):475-481.
23. Dumetre A, Dardé LM. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water by an immunomagnetic separation method targeting the sporocysts. Parasitol Res. 2007 Sep;101(4):989-96.
24. Harito JB, Campebell AT, Prestrud KW, Dubey JP, Robertson LJ. Surface bindingpropertiesofagedandfresh (recentlyexcreted) Toxoplasma gondiioocysts. Exp Parasitol. 2016 Jun;165:88-94.
25. Harito BT, Campebell AT, Tysnes KR, Dubey JP, Robertson LJ. Lectin-magnetic separation (LMS) for isolation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from concentrated water samples prior to detection by microscopy or qPCR. Water Res. 2017 May 1;114:228-236.
26. Schwab JK, McDevitt JJ. Development of a PCR-Enzyme Immunoassay Oligoprobe Detection Method for Toxoplasma gondii oocysts, Incorporating PCR Controls. Development of a PCR-Enzyme Immunoassay Oligoprobe Detection Method for Toxoplasma gondii oocysts, Incorporating PCR Controls. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Oct; 69(10): 5819–5825.
27. Rousseau A, Escotte-Binet S, La Carbona S, Dumètre A,, Chagneau S, Favennec L,.et al Toxoplasma gondii oocyst infectivity using a sporocyst-based cell-culture assay 1combined with qPCR for environmental applications. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019 Oct 1;85(20): e01189-19.
28. Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H, Yonekawa T, Watanabe K, Amino N, Hase T. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jun 15;28(12):e63.
29. Sotiriadou I, Karanis P. Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water samples and comparative findings by polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence test (IFT). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Dec;62(4):357-365.
30. Lindemann G, Sotiriadou I, Mahmodi MR, Karanis P. Detectionof Toxoplasma gondiioocysts in differentwaterresourcesby Loop MediatedIsothermalAmplification (LAMP). Acta Trop. 2013 Feb;125(2):231-236.
31. Wells B, Shaw H, Innocent G, Guido S, Hotchkiss E, Parigi M. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondi in water samples from Scotland and a comparison between the 529bp real-time PCR and ITS1nested PCR. Water Res. 2015 Dec 15;87:175-181.
32. Wenli Yang, H. D. Alan Lindquist, Vitaliano Cama,Frank W. Schaefer, III, Eric Villegas. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in Water Sample Concentrates by Real-Time PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Jun; 75(11): 3477–3483.
33. Homan LW, Vercamemm M, De Braekeleer J, Verschueren H. Identification of a 200- to 300-fold repetitive 529 bp DNA fragment in Toxoplasma gondii, and its use for diagnostic and quantitative PCR. Int J Parasitol. 2000 Jan;30(1):69-75.
34. Adamaska M. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in natural surface water bodies in Poland. J Water Health. 2018 aug; 16(4):657-660.
35. Galvani AT, Christ APG, Padula JA, Barbosa MRF, Araujo RS, Sato MIZ, et al. Real-time PCR detectionof Toxoplasma gondii in surface water samples in São Paulo, Brazil. Parasitol Res. 2019 Feb;118(2):631-640
36. Moreno Y, Moreno ML, Amorós I, Pérez R, Morilo JÁ, Alonso JL. Multiple identification of most important waterborne protozoa in surface water used for irrigation purposes by 18S rRNA amplicon-based metagenomics. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2018 Jan;221(1):102-111.
37. Marangi M, Giangasparo A, Lacasella B, Lonigro A, Gasser B. Multiplex PCR for the detection and quantification of key zoonotic genotypes of Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma in waste water and mussels. Mol Cell Probes. 2015 Apr;29(2):122-125.
38. Piepenburg O, Williams CH, Stemple DL, Armes NA. DNA detection using recombination proteins. PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul;4(7):e204.
39. WU DY, Xu MJ, Wang QQ, Zhou CX, Wang M, Zhu XQ. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with lateral flow (LF) strip for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the environment. Vet Parasitol. 2017 Aug 30;243:199-203
Publicado
2021-03-29
Seção
Artigos
Declaro que os conteúdos apresentados nos artigos e demais trabalhos são de minha autoria e tenho total responsabilidade sobre os mesmos, os quais estou cedendo os direitos autorais à Revista Saúde e Meio Ambiente, para fins de divulgação científica em qualquer meio disponível.
