Replacement of fishmeal in Nile tilapia diets: A systematic review on zootechnical performance, health, and sustainability

Uma revisão sistemática sobre o desempenho zootécnico, saúde e a sustentabilidade

Abstract

This systematic review evaluated the feasibility of total or partial replacement of fishmeal (FM) in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), analyzing 16 studies published between 2012 and 2025. Following the PRISMA protocol, the review demonstrated that FM, once considered irreplaceable, can be effectively substituted by a wide variety of alternative protein sources without compromising zootechnical performance or fish health. Sources such as insects (black soldier fly) allowed replacements from 25% to 100%, offering functional benefits, such as improvements in the immune system and antioxidant system. Plant proteins (soybean, lupin) ranged from 50% to 75%, while microbial sources (bioflocs) and animal by‑products (poultry) ranged from 5% to 85%. The success of the transition depends on amino acid balance, fish developmental stage, and the use of additives. Adopting these alternatives reduces costs and promotes circular economy in tilapia farming. However, methodological heterogeneity and the lack of long‑term commercial studies are critical gaps. It is concluded that the sector has viable alternatives, and future research is needed for economic validation and large‑scale optimization.